Alfalfa may be of benefit with the following conditions:

Immune deficiency: Debility, wasting disorders, convalescence, general infection, abscesses;
Cardiovascular disorders: Atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolaemia, varicose veins, oedema, varicose ulcers;
Digestive disturbances: Anorexia/loss appetite, constipation, dyspepsia, gastric/peptic ulceration; and
Musculoskeletal weakness: Arthritis, joint pain, generalised muscle pain, gout. 

Features
Anti-bacterial;
Rich in anti-oxidants, beneficial in clearing toxins from the blood;
Tonifying; and
Contains organic minerals such as calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and is very high in chlorophyll.

Therapeutic Benefits
Alfalfa has been used for thousands of years as a nutritive tonic. Originally native to Asia, the herb was imported to the West by Darius, King of Persia (550-486 BC) during his battles in Greece. Roman writers are amongst those who commended it for its therapeutic actions. Alfalfa, a legume plant, has therapeutic uses as both food and medicine. It is extremely rich in vitamins, most notably, vitamins A, C, B6 and K, and is believed to contain a higher mineral content than most grains. It is a significant source of calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus.  This highly nutritive plant is therefore an invaluable option for many bodily disorders and due to its vast array of actions has the ability to enhance general vitality while detoxifying and alkalising the body. It therefore benefits conditions such as arthritis and gout, diseases which natural therapists most commonly view as being caused by an over acidic state within the body. Its high mineral content is believed to encourage the growth and repair of connective tissue, promoting healthy bones, joints and teeth. As a tonic for the digestive system, alfalfa has been shown to stimulate the appetite, especially in cases of chronic anorexia, and shows the potential to alleviate dyspepsia and liver dysfunction. It may also promote peristalsis of the bowel, therefore reducing constipation.  Recent research suggests that alfalfa has a cholesterol lowering and anti-atherosclerotic effect, ‘shrinking’ plaques caused by an accumulation of lipids. It is thought that the saponins contained within the plant help to bind the cholesterol and bile salts in the gut. Studies show that high doses of alfalfa, administered to monkeys, were able to significantly reduce arterial plaques. Traditionally in South Africa, alfalfa has been used for its blood sugar stabilising effects, benefiting sufferers of insulin dependent diabetes.  

Garlic may be of benefit for the following conditions or disorders: 

Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, poor circulation;
Immune deficiency: Colds/flu, recurrent infections, cancer preventative;
Blood sugar disturbances/Endocrine abnormalities: Diabetes mellitus, hyperglycaemia;
Gastrointestinal disease: Parasitic worms/infestation, traveller’s diarrhoea, food poisoning; and
Genito-urinary disturbance: Vaginal thrush, urinary tract infections, sexually transmitted diseases. 

Features
Potent antibiotic activity, effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasitic organisms;
Hypolipidaemic, hypotensive;
Enhances circulation by discouraging platelet aggregation; and
Active principles of APDS and diallyl disulphide oxide, resulting in lowered blood sugar levels.

Therapeutic Benefits 
Garlic, or Allium sativum, as it is otherwise known, is one of the most universally used and effective remedies of herbal lore. Its daily usage aids and supports the body in ways that no other herb does. 

1. Benefits for circulation

Medical scientists have shown that conditions such as angina, myocardial infarction and strokes are usually as a result of poor circulation. Clinical trials have shown garlic to do the following:   ·      Significantly reduce cholesterol and harmful lipids in the blood;·      Cause a small but significant reduction in blood pressure;·      Reduce the tendency for platelet aggregation; and·      Enhance capillary based circulation. In humans, garlic has been shown to decrease the systolic blood pressure by 20–30 mmHg and the diastolic pressure by 10–20 mmHg. The pharmaceutical mechanism of its hypotensive effect is related to its action on the autonomic nervous system, its hypolipidaemic properties and perhaps its high content of sulphur containing compounds.

2. Garlic as an antibiotic

In the early 1900’s, Dr Albert Schweitzer used garlic to treat cholera, typhus and amoebic dysentery while he was working in Africa as a missionary. The Soviet army relied heavily on garlic during World Wars I and II and thus it earned the name “Russian penicillin”. More recently, garlic has been shown to act as a broad spectrum antibiotic, in addition to having direct immunostimulant properties. It is a very effective anti-microbial for staphylococcus, streptococcus, and salmonella bacteria and has proven effective against those bacteria strains found to be resistant to standard antibiotic therapy. Its use in conditions such as food poisoning, intestinal worms, colds/flu and general infections can therefore not be underestimated. Furthermore, garlic demonstrates potent anti-fungal activity, especially against Candida albicans, the organism most commonly responsible for causing thrush. Studies have shown garlic to be more potent than nystatin, gentian violet and other orthodox anti fungal agents. Its use further outweighs the use of pharmaceutical medicines as an antibiotic, because it will support the development of the natural bacteria and beneficial flora whilst destroying pathogenic organisms. The volatile oil contained in garlic is an effective antimicrobial agent and is largely excreted via the lungs. It is therefore an essential herb for chronic bronchitis, respiratory catarrh, recurrent colds and influenza, whooping cough and bronchitic asthma.  

3. Blood Sugar Regulation

Studies have shown garlic to have a significant effect on lowering blood sugar levels and therefore have found it useful in the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus. The active principles are believed to be allyl propyl disulphide (APDS) and diallyl disulphide oxide (allicin), although other constituents such as the flavonoids may play a role also.  Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that APDS lowers glucose levels by competing with insulin for insulin-deactivating sites in the liver. This results in an increase in free insulin. The cardiovascular effect of garlic, ie: lipid lowering, platelet aggregation inhibition, anti-hypertensive, further substantiates the liberal use of garlic by the diabetic patient. 

4. Cancer prevention

In our modern society we are continually exposed to a wide range of chemicals, some of which are capable of causing cancer. Garlic, because of its strong anti-oxidant properties, has the ability to counteract the cancer causing potential of a wide range of chemicals. Studies in China have shown that the incidences of thyroid and stomach cancers are much lower in areas where garlic intake is high.  

5. Folklore/History

During the time of the pharaohs, when Egypt was at its peak of power, garlic was given to the labourers and slaves. The common people had garlic included in the diet to help protect them from disease. The Ebers, an Egyptian medical papyrus dated approximately 1500 BC, mentions garlic at least 22 times as a remedy for a variety of diseases.  Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, used garlic as a laxative, diuretic, for tumours of the uterus, leprosy, epilepsy, chest pains and toothaches as well as for wounds. Since the ancients believed that many diseases were the result of evil spells, garlic with its effective medicinal qualities was thought to possess magical power against evil; thus it was used in many charms. A tradition still held today in rural New Mexico is the use of garlic as a charm to help a young girl rid herself of an unwanted boyfriend. She first puts a piece of garlic and two crossed pins in a spot where two roads intersect, and then she must get the boy to walk over the charm without noticing it. If the task is accomplished successfully, the boy will miraculously lose all interest in her.  

Celery & Juniper may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Musculoskeletal disorders: Arthritis, rheumatism, gout, joint pain, joint inflammation;·     
Urinary system complaints: Cystitis, urinary tract infections, fluid retention; and·     
Digestive disturbance: Constipation, nausea, colic, flatulence, indigestion. 

Features     
Encourages elimination of uric acid metabolites from the body and more specifically, joint tissue;·     
Powerful anti inflammatory;·     
Natural analgesic; and·     
Urinary antiseptic. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
Celery
is one of the most widely utilised herbs for conditions such as arthritis, rheumatism and gout, having the ability to encourage elimination of acid crystals that have collected in the joints. This is extremely important in the treatment of any joint disease because of the tendency for circulating toxins to accumulate within joint tissue. The alkalising effect of celery is also significant since arthritis and rheumatism are typically regarded as acidic conditions. A recent clinical trial in Australia confirmed that arthritis sufferers taking celery seed experienced a reduction in their level of pain and reported a powerful anti-inflammatory effect on joint tissue. A further study in the UK confirmed its anti-inflammatory activity, which explains its traditional usage in arthritis and rheumatism.  Prior to this, it was suggested that the reason that celery worked in these conditions was solely due to its effect on the kidneys. The same mechanism that eliminates excess fluid from the body is also responsible for clearing the acidic metabolites, or waste products, from the system via the kidneys. The volatile oil contained within celery, apiol, exerts an antiseptic effect, which therefore provides relief in cystitis and other infections of the urinary tract. In addition, celery, being classified as a slightly bitter herb, acts as a mild digestive stimulant. This action benefits common digestive complaints such as nausea, constipation/sluggish bowel and indigestion. 

Juniper
The main indications for the use of juniper are chronic arthritis, gout, and the large group of neuralgic-muscular rheumatic diseases, including tendopathies and myogeloses. As with celery, juniper exerts a strong anti-inflammatory action and assists in the elimination of uric wastes, specifically from around the joints.  It is an excellent antiseptic and diuretic herb, making it essential for infections of the bladder and urinary tract. It is a useful herb for all symptoms of fluid retention. 

Cautions 
Although the risk does not appear to be great, celery and juniper used in large doses can cause uterine contractions and therefore abortion. Avoid high doses in pregnancy. Contraindications 
Juniper should not be used with acute or chronic nephritis or nephrosis. 

Back to top
 

---

CoEnzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an essential component of the mitochondria, the energy producing part of the cell, where it regulates energy production. It may be of benefit with the following conditions: ·     

Heart disease: Angina, arrhythmias, hypoxia, stroke, congestive heart failure, hypertension, high cholesterol and cardiac surgery;·     
Lung disease: Asthma, pneumonia, obstructive airway disease;·     
Musculoskeletal disorders: Muscle aches/pains, fibromyalgia, Parkinson’s disease, Multiple Sclerosis, muscular dystrophy;·     
Fatigue: Chronic/general fatigue; and·     
Other disorders: Auto Immune Deficiency (AIDS), infections, diabetes, ageing. 

Features    
CoQ10 is a powerful free radical scavenger capable of preventing lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes;·     
Enhances and protects mitochondrial ATP synthesis, especially where tissue hypoxia occurs;·     
Preserves cellular responses and energetics;·     
Reduces blood viscosity in patients with atherosclerosis, high LDL cholesterol and heart disease; and·     
Improves overall immune response. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
CoQ10, also known as Ubiquinone, is an intracellular free radical scavenger, thus powerful antioxidant. It is a naturally occurring substance, which plays a critical role in the production of cellular energy, therefore is of particular importance in conditions where energy production is sub-optimal.  

CoQ10’s membrane stabilising effect and ability to improve tissue oxygenation makes it of specific use in cells with a high energy turnover such as nerve, cardiac, muscle and white blood cells. 

Deficiency could be a result of impaired CoQ10 synthesis due to nutritional deficiencies, a genetic or acquired defect in CoQ10 production or increased tissue demands. 

The addition of fish oil not only provides essential fatty acids but also acts as a mucosal transporter to maximise gastrointestinal absorption. This achieves sustained release and plasma levels of therapeutic significance. 

Vitamin E, in its natural state, provides superior bioavailability in addition to delivering antioxidant activity by inhibiting the production of free radicals. 

Contradictions
Do not take while on warfarin therapy without advice from your health care professional.  

Echinacea may be of benefit for the following conditions:      

Immune deficiency: Colds, influenza, herpes virus, aids, cancer;·     
Digestive disorders: Gut infections, stomatitis, candida albicans overgrowth;·     
Respiratory disease: Laryngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, chronic lung weakness, catarrhal conditions of nasal passages and sinuses;     
Skin conditions: Psoriasis, infected skin conditions; and·     
Other: Allergies, infections located anywhere in the body. 

Features     
Echinacea is a prime immuno-stimulant, its action mediated via the thymus gland.·     
Increases non-specific host defense mechanisms such as neutralisation of viruses, destruction of bacteria and promotion of the migration of white blood cells to sites of infection.·     
Encourages the production of interferon, resulting in enhanced T-cell mitogenesis (reproduction), macrophage phagocytosis, natural killer cell activity and increases levels of circulating neutrophils. 

Therapeutic Benefits
Echinacea is one of the most reputable herbal immuno-stimulants, effective against bacterial and viral infections. The constituents responsible for such potent activity include components such as inulin and polysaccharides, both activators of the complement pathway. This pathway is responsible for increasing non-specific host defense mechanisms like neutralisation of viruses, destruction of bacteria and increasing the migration of white blood cells to areas of infection. 

In addition, Echinacea has the ability to prevent the spread of infectious organisms because of its inhibiting action against hyaluronidase – this enzyme, secreted by parasites, causes an increase in the permeability of surrounding connective tissue. Hyaluronidase is often termed the “spreading” factor.   Studies have shown that the root/rhizome extracts of Echinacea to have the greatest anti-microbial activity. 

Other substances of use
Olive Tree leaf is a powerful anti-microbial herb, effective against bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasitic infections. It is therefore productive for virtually any infectious disease. Pau D’Arco a South American tree, has extremely strong anti-microbial properties. Much of its pharmacological action is thought to be as a result of its high content of lapachol compound, a constituent considered among the most important anti-tumour agents in plants. At the University of Aberdeen in 1967, Burnett and Thompson discovered several other compounds, in Pau D’arco that had potent antibiotic effects. One of these compounds, the “napthaquinones” inhibits the fungus Candida albicans. As a result, Pau D’arco has become extremely popular in the treatment of intestinal and vaginal candidiasis. Astragalus one of the most valued herbs of the Chinese, is an immune system enhancer and is thus capable of strengthening the body’s resistance to disease. It significantly increases interferon production and secretion, stimulating the synthesis of proteins that help to prevent microbial infection. 

Ginkgo Biloba may be of benefit for the following disorders: ·              

Cardiovascular disease: Poor circulation to extremities, atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular insufficiency, congestive heart failure,
      intermittent claudication, Raynaud’s phenomenon, tinnitus, dizziness, peripheral arterial occlusive disease;·              
Nervous System disorders: Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, migraines, anxiety, depression, memory impairment,
      poor concentration, headaches with emotional lability, macular degeneration;·              
Endocrine imbalances: Diabetes; and·              
Reproductive disorders: Impotence, male infertility 

Features               
Regulates tone and elasticity of blood vessels, improving peripheral circulation;·              
Normalises the acetylcholine receptors in the brain and increases the transmission of nerve impulses;·              
Nerve cell membrane stabiliser;·              
Enhances oxygenation and glucose utilization; and·              
Inhibitor of platelet activating factor (PAF), the mediator causing platelet aggregation. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
Ginkgo Biloba The medical benefits of Ginkgo Biloba extract rely on the Ginkgo flavone glycosides. The 24% designation indicates the carefully measured balance of bioflavonoids, which are primarily responsible for the herbs’ actions within the body. Medicinal use of Ginkgo can be traced back almost 5000 years in Chinese medicine. At that time it was recommended for respiratory tract ailments as well as for memory loss in the elderly. Current day use shows benefits for circulation inefficiency, prevention of free radical attack, nervous system disorders such as anxiety and depression and decreases platelet aggregation. Although Ginkgo is best known for its ability to enhance the circulation to both the brain and the extremities of the body, its antioxidant properties cannot be underestimated. This activity in the brain and the central nervous system may aid the prevention of age related declines in the brain. Hundreds of scientific studies attest to the effectiveness of Ginkgo Biloba extract for the many problems associated with cerebral vascular insufficiency and impaired mental performance in elderly patients. One particular study on senior citizens measured their IQ’s before administering an 8 week course of Ginkgo and then again afterward. Their IQ scores were found to have increased by an average of 10–15 points. In October 1997 the Journal of the American Medical Association published research showing that Ginkgo Biloba extract appears to slow Alzheimer’s disease. The randomly assigned, double blind, placebo controlled study was performed for one year by Dr. Pierre LeBars and a team of scientists at the New York Institute for Medical Research. The study found that 27% of patients who took 120mg Ginkgo extract for 6 months or longer improved their mental functioning, including memory, reasoning, and the ability to learn, compared to only 14% of those taking placebo. The study began with 309 patients aged 45 or older with most suffering from Alzheimer’s disease but also some with dementia caused by strokes. The study showed that Ginkgo will stabilise or even improve mental performance in one-third of those who are mildly impaired by Alzheimer’s. 

Other substances of use
Bilberry acts as an excellent antioxidant and has the ability to enhance the flexibility of blood vessels; thus allowing increased blood flow. In addition, bilberry strengthens connective tissue and has shown to benefit eye health. It therefore may be considered for conditions such as night blindness, cataracts and macular degeneration. 

Lecithin is an antioxidant nutrient helping to prevent arteriosclerosis, improve brain function, protects against cardiovascular disease and aids in the absorption of thiamine by the liver and vitamin A by the intestines. It is a strong promoter of energy. Lecithin enables fats, such as cholesterol and other lipids to be dispersed in water and removed from the body, thus protecting vital organs and arteries from fatty accumulation. 

Caution
Ginkgo Biloba should be used with caution in people taking prescription blood thinning medication. Please consult a health practitioner if this applies. 

There are no known contraindications to the use of Ginkgo Biloba by pregnant and breastfeeding women. 

Horsechestnut may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Cardiovascular disease: Varicose veins, phlebitis, haemorrhoids, variscosity, poor circulation, excessive bruising,
      deep vein thrombosis, leg ulcers; ·     
Lymphatic disorders: Lymphoedema, pain and general swelling;·     
Gastrointestinal disease: Enteric infections with associated diarrhoea, gastritis;·     
Male reproductive disease: Prostatic enlargement; ·     
Respiratory disorders: Bronchitis, chronic cough, phlegm in the lungs; and·     
Neurological weakness: Neuralgia. 

Features
Decreases capillary permeability by inhibiting lysosomal enzymes which break down amorphous intercellular matrix;·     
Increases venous tone, thereby enhancing circulation;·     
Reduces oedematous tissue;·     
Reduces the risk of deep vein thrombosis after surgery; and·     
Shields against UV radiation damage. 

Therapeutic Benefits
Horsechestnut has long demonstrated impressive clinical results in the treatment of disorders associated with capillary fragility and poor venous tone. Aescin, the most active constituent of Aesculus hippocastanum is responsible for such activity, also exhibiting potent anti-inflammatory properties. 

Horsechestnut has the ability to decrease capillary permeability by reducing the number and size of the small pores of the capillary walls. This reduction in capillary fragility and oedema appears to be partly due to its normalising action on the metabolism of connective tissue. Specifically, it possesses an ability to enhance connective tissue integrity by stimulating glycosaminoglycan synthesis. Glycosaminoglycans are the major components of the amorphous intercellular matrix (ground substance), which surrounds the vein and helps give it structure. 

Investigators have also demonstrated that aescin has venotonic activity – the potential to increase venous tone by increasing the contractile action of the elastic fibres within the blood vessel wall (it is the relaxation of the blood vessel wall which greatly contributes to the development of varicose veins and other venous disorders). Since horsechestnut is astringent, blood moving, and febrifuge, the herb is also used as a treatment for gastritis, enteritis, bronchitis and an enlarged prostate. 

Caution
Although toxicity is rare, overdose of horsechestnut may lead to the symptoms of enlarged pupils, drowsiness and flushing of the skin.

Horseradish may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Respiratory illness: Bronchitis, colds, influenza, coughs, sore throats, asthma, hay fever, sinusitis, whooping cough; ·     
Immune system depletion: Recurrent infections, allergies, fevers; and·     
Digestive disturbances: Enteric and gut infections, intestinal parasitic invasion, constipation. 

Features
Antiseptic, expectorant, mucolytic complex;·     
Demulcent and mucilaginous formula protecting mucus membrane surfaces;·     
Smooth muscle relaxant, inhibiting acetylcholine, histamine and noradrenaline; and·     
Improves overall immune response. 

Therapeutic Benefits
Horseradish displays a powerful antiseptic action, most notably for the lungs and respiratory system. It is an old household remedy useful wherever a stimulating herb is called for but is excellent for mucus congestion, feverish conditions, sinus and general debility. It displays strong expectorant and antiscorbutic properties, making it a natural decongestant. As such, it can relieve the symptoms of colds and is most efficacious in eliminating persistent cough following influenza and immune depletion. 

Other substances of use
Garlic the natural antibiotic, remains one of the most effective antimicrobial plants available, acting on bacteria, viruses, fungi and other parasitic microbes. It is an invaluable medicine for asthma, hoarseness, coughs, difficulty breathing and most other lung disorders, being of particular virtue in chronic bronchitis on account of its powers of promoting expectoration. Garlic contains an amino acid derivative, alliin. When garlic is consumed, the enzyme alliinase, which converts alliin to allicin, is released. Allicin has an antibiotic effect; it exerts an antibacterial effect equivalent to 1 percent of that of penicillin. 

Fenugreek is one of the oldest known medicinal herbs, used by Hippocrates and widely esteemed by both East and West. Its strong expectorant action ensures relief for conditions of lung congestion and catarrh. Burkill states “The seeds, after roasting, are eaten in Egypt and are regarded medicinal for ailments such as lung weakness, sore throats, and mucus producing conditions. Fenugreek’s soothing mucilaginous properties aid in healing and help to protect and prevent further irritation to the delicate mucus membrane linings of both the respiratory and digestive tracts. 

Thyme is a herb well known for its culinary and medicinal uses, of which there are many. This broad-spectrum action is due to a range of valuable active constituents contained within the plant, including volatile oils, flavonoids, bitters and tannins. Thymol, a potent volatile oil, is a strong antiseptic, which is useful for bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Due to its excretion through the lungs, it effectively disinfects the pulmonary passages. Internally, thyme is useful for respiratory infections, including sore throats, bronchitis, laryngitis and gives relief to asthmatics due to its smooth muscle relaxing properties. In fact, it is the flavonoids found within thyme that directly relax smooth muscle by inhibiting responses to agonists which stimulate specific receptors – such as acetylcholine, histamine and noradrenaline. 

Thyme is the principle remedy for complaints that involve coughing. It is useful for:          

i.      Coughs arising from infection of the lungs, where its antiseptic action and its potential to promote mucus expectoration are useful. It has the ability to liquify thick catarrh.           
ii.      Dry coughs. It’s stimulating expectorant action works by increasing the production of mucus and then facilitating its removal, from the bronchi and the trachea. 

Ascorbic acid: Vitamin C protects against the harmful effects of pollution, helps to prevent cancer and protects against infection and enhances immunity. Its role in the production of interferon enables it to be classified as a natural antibiotic, being effective against bacteria, viruses and fungi. 

Kelp may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Thyroid disregulation: Hypothyroidism, obesity, hyperthyroidism;·     
Musculoskeletal disorders: Rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic joint inflammation;·     
Digestive disturbances: Constipation, toxic overload in the colon; and·     
Lymphatic/circulatory disorders: Fluid retention, lymphatic congestion, generalised inflammation. 

Features     
Vitamin and mineral rich, particularly in iodine, which is known to regulate metabolism;·     
Enhances basal metabolic rate;·     
Powerful detoxifier;·     
Protective against the effects of radiation; and·     
Protective to neural tissue, including brain, spinal meninges and myelin sheaths. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
Kelp is a sea plant which is extremely rich in vitamins and minerals, particularly the B vitamins and iodine which is known to regulate thyroid gland function and thus, metabolism. Nourishing for the thyroid, it is a plant traditionally used to treat hypothyroidism. It is most commonly the herbalists’ prime remedy in this condition where lack of iodine is not necessarily the problem, but rather the thyroid gland’s inability to utilise it. More recent studies have shown Kelp to be effective for conditions of hyperthyroidism, suggesting a restorative, rather than stimulating effect on the thyroid gland. However, it should be emphasised that the action is very gentle rather than dramatic, and the best way to view the remedy is as a long-term course of slow restoration, particularly when thyroid dysfunction is associated with nutritional deficiencies (as is very likely with hypothyroidism, but possible also when the thyroid is too active). Kelp has a reputation for helping in the relief of rheumatism and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as other chronic joint and inflammatory conditions. It exerts a strong alkalising influence on the body. Kelp is an excellent bulk laxative and is of great benefit in treating a raft of disorders resulting from a toxic accumulation in the bowel.    

Olive Leaf may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Immune system depletion: Colds/flu, recurrent infections, infection involving any bodily system;·     
Cardiovascular disorders: Hypertension, high cholesterol;·     
Endocrine disorders: Hypoglycaemia, diabetes; and·     
Musculoskeletal disorders: Gout, arthritis, rheumatism. 

Features  
Natural antibiotic;·     
Dilates coronary arteries, resulting in a lowered blood pressure;·     
Oleuropein inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol; and·     
Clinical trials have suggested mild blood sugar stabilising effects. 

Therapeutic Benefits
Olive leaf extract is a natural wide spectrum antibiotic. Yet unlike synthetic antibiotics, it has the ability to distinguish between the infective organism, and the body’s own natural and harmless microbes. Therefore, its action is only directed towards bacteria, fungi and viruses that are foreign to the human body. Medical research suggests that when olive leaf is taken orally, it dissolves the outer lining of the infectious organisms and penetrates theinfected cells, thus inhibiting the replication of the bacteria. 

In the early 1990s, numerous discoveries were made about the constituent of oleuropein in olive leaf. It was found that the body has two enzymes, esteraize and beta-glucosidase, which have the ability to convert oleuropein to elolenic acid, a powerful compound that kills a wide range of bacteria. 

Many medical researchers are becoming increasingly concerned about the emergence of new strains of germs that have developed a resistance to synthetic antibiotics. Olive leaf extract is increasingly used in Europe as a replacement for pharmaceutical drugs. In the USA, olive leaf extract is being used by a growing number of medical practitioners to combat bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts and protozoa. Examples include: infected teeth and gums, herpes virus, candida, colds, cold sores, ear infections, hepatitis, shingles and food poisoning. In a recent animal study, olive leaf was found to decrease blood pressure and dilate the coronary arteries surrounding the heart. This ability to lower blood pressure may justify the traditional use of olive leaf in the treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. 

In addition, a test tube study has revealed that olive leaf inhibits the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. LDL oxidation is one part in a series of damaging events that can lead to the development of atherosclerosis. This action may provide some idea as to why those consuming a mediterranean based diet may lower their risk of developing fatty arteries. 

Most of the symptoms of iron deficiency are a result of the associated anaemia. These symptoms may affect many bodily systems and so the above herbs and nutrients should be of consideration for the following conditions or disorders: · 

Cardiovascular: Rapid heart rate, palpitations, shortness of breath, rapid breathing, pallor;·     
Immune: Recurrent infections, angular stomatitis;·     
Endocrine: Poor growth, fatigue, hair loss, pregnancy complications - low birth weight, premature birth, maternal mortality; and·     
Neurological: Headaches, impaired mental performance, depression, vertigo, restless leg syndrome, poor concentration

Therapeutic Benefits 
Iron Deficiency 
Decreasing iron stores and a relative decrease in serum iron levels and protein bound iron may produce symptoms before low tissue iron levels or anaemia are measurable. More of this important mineral is required during growth; iron deficiency is more common in infancy, childhood, adolescence and pregnancy. Women in their reproductive years have a greater concern with iron deficiency due to losses in menstrual blood and higher requirements.Impaired physical and work performance In iron deficiency anaemia, the reduced haemoglobin content of red blood cells results in decreased oxygen delivery to active tissues. This thus leads to symptoms such as weakness, fatigue and loss of stamina. Reduced myoglobin levels in muscle cells limit the amount of oxygen that can be delivered to the mitochondria for oxidative metabolism. 

Impaired intellectual development in children 

Most observational studies have found relationships between iron deficiency anaemia in children and poor cognitive development, poor school achievement and behavioural problems. Conduction of auditory and optic nerve impulses to the brain has been found to be slower in children with iron deficiency anaemia. This effect could be associated with changes in nerve myelination which have been observed in iron deficient animals. Neurotransmitter synthesis may also be sensitive to iron deficiency. 

Pregnancy complications

Epidemiological studies provide strong evidence of an association between severe anaemia in pregnant women and adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as low birth weight, premature birth and maternal mortality. Iron should be used routinely throughout pregnancy, as it can be difficult to obtain the increased demand from food alone. The infant may receive adequate iron but will pull stores from the mother, who is then likely to become very deficient. 

Impaired immune function

Iron is required by most infectious agents, as well as by the infected host in order to mount an effective immune response. Sufficient iron is critical to several immune functions, including the differentiation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by iron dependent enzymes, which are used for killing pathogens. 

Restless leg syndrome (RLS)

RLS occurs in some people with iron deficiency and some RLS patients benefit from iron supplementation. Recently, ferritin levels were found to be lower and transferrin levels higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of individuals with RLS, suggesting that low brain iron concentration may play a role in RLS. 

Ferrous gluconate dihydrate (Iron) 

Functions:

Oxygen transport and storage

Haeme is an iron-containing compound found in a number of biologically important molecules. Haemoglobin and myoglobin are haeme-containing proteins that are involved in the transport and storage of oxygen. Haemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells and represents about two thirds of the body’s iron. This large protein molecule makes up approximately 30% of the red blood cell. The vital role of haemoglobin in transporting oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body is derived from its unique ability to acquire oxygen rapidly during the short time it spends in contact with the lungs and to release oxygen as needed during its circulation through the tissues.  Myoglobin functions in the transport and short term storage of oxygen in muscle cells, helping to match the supply of oxygen to the demand of working muscles (most commonly, the skeletal muscles and the heart). 

Electron transport and energy metabolism 

Cytochromes are haeme-containing molecules that are critical to cellular energy production and therefore, life, through their roles in mitochondrial electron transport. They serve as electron carriers during the synthesis of ATP, the primary energy storage compound in cells. 

Antioxidant and beneficial pro-oxidant functions

Catalase and peroxidase are haeme-containing enzymes that protect against the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, a potentially damaging compound, by converting it to water and oxygen thus protecting our tissues from oxidative damage. DNA synthesis Ribonucleotide reductase is an iron dependent enzyme that is required for DNA synthesis. Thus, iron is required for a number of vital functions, including growth, reproduction, healing and immune function. Other substances of use

Foeniculum vulgare (Fennel)

Abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract, including minimal production of hydrochloric acid, has long been observed to contribute to iron deficiency anaemia. Fennel, since ancient times, has been used in treating indigestion, heartburn, flatulence, spasms of the digestive tract, colic and under activity of the stomach and intestines. The seeds were often eaten in the Middle Ages for their digestive properties.Studies have shown Foeniculum vulgare proves very effective in aiding convalescence therapy for cancer patients post radiation or chemotherapy treatment. 

Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) 

Due to its naturally high iron and mineral content, Withania is an excellent herb for iron deficiency anaemia and its associated conditions such as fatigue and debility. It is the primary strengthening tonic used in Ayurveda and is thus the herb of choice for wasting disease, poor growth in children and convalescence therapy.

Rumex crispus (Yellow Dock) 

Yellow dock is an alterative herb, naturally containing a high iron content. According to herbalist Michael Moore, it has the potential to liberate iron that is stored in the liver, enhancing the body’s utilisation. Both of these properties will thus assist in correcting iron deficiency anaemia. In addition, Yellow dock is considered a cleansing herb with digestive benefits. Its ability to stimulate bile production makes this herb an invaluable tool for correcting sluggish bowel and liver disorders such as constipation.

Folic acid (Folate) 

Folic acid is required for energy production and the formation of red blood cells. It also strengthens immunity by aiding in the proper formation and functioning of white blood cells. Its added role as a coenzyme in both DNA and RNA synthesis signifies its importance for healthy cell division and replication, and thus, growth and protein metabolism. While iron deficiency anaemia is the most common cause of anaemia, shortages of folic acid or Vitamin B12 are the next most likely nutritional causes. Folic acid deficiency may lead to macrocytic anaemia, producing signs and symptoms such as lethargy, shortness of breath on exertion and pallor of the skin and mucous membranes.

Thiamine hydrochloride (Vitamin B1) 

Vitamin B1 is predominantly located in skeletal muscle, heart muscle, brain, kidney and liver. It plays a crucial role in energy production and carbohydrate metabolism. Deficiency of this vitamin results in rapid deterioration in both heart and skeletal muscle as well as brain and nerve function. The absorption of thiamine from the diet requires folic acid and a deficiency of folic acid may therefore contribute to Vitamin B1 deficiency. 

Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) 

Riboflavin plays an important role in the formation of a number of enzymes, found mainly in the liver, which allow the removal of hydrogen molecules and the introduction of oxygen. Its involvement in the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates cannot be underestimated. Requirements are enhanced during times of growth and high protein intake. Vitamin B2 further aids the metabolism of Vitamin B6, thus a deficiency will often lead to Vitamin B6 deficiency signs and symptoms.

Pyridoxine hydrochloride (Vitamin B6) 

Vitamin B6 is involved in the metabolism of certain essential body chemicals including histamine, hydroxytryptamine and serotonin. This latter compound is particularly important in normal brain chemistry, so a deficiency in Vitamin B6 may have profound effects on mood and behaviour. It plays a major part in the metabolism of carbohydrates, essential fatty acids and proteins, thus aids in the correction of inflammatory diseases, skin conditions and disorders of the immune and cardiovascular systems.

Cyanocobalamin (Vitamin B12) 

In the late 1920’s it was found that the serious and often fatal disease of pernicious anaemia responded when victims ate large quantities of liver or had injections of liver extract. Vitamin B12 was finally isolated in the 1950’s and was found to be the agent effective in the treatment of pernicious anaemia. Individuals deficient in Vitamin B12 often exhibit symptoms such as exhaustion, shortness of breath and pale skin and mucous membranes. There are also characteristic alterations to the nervous system, including numbness and tingling in the extremities, clumsiness and at times, difficulty in walking. Mental capacity may also be affected, with confusion and depression being the most common signs of a deficiency. Whilst chemically independent, the metabolism of Vitamin B12 and folic acid are closely interconnected.

Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) 

Vitamin C is an anti-oxidant required for at least 300 metabolic functions in the body, including tissue growth and repair, adrenal gland health, immune and cardiovascular functions. It enhances the absorption of iron and prevents the destruction of folic acid and other B vitamins. Vitamin C has the ability to combine with toxic substances such as heavy metals, rendering them harmless so that the body can therefore efficiently eliminate them. 

St John’s Wort may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     
Nervous System disorders: Anxiety, depression, apathy, insomnia, bed wetting, poor concentration, neuralgia, sciatica/nerve pain; ·
Immune dysfunction: Glandular fever, herpes simplex virus, influenza, hepatitis B, aids, ear infections;·     
Skin diseases: Vitiligo, inflammation of the skin, wounds, burns; and·     
Female reproductive disorders: Pre-menstrual tension, menopause and associated depression. 

Features    
Enhances serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine, three mood enhancing neuro transmitters;·     
Lowers levels of the stress hormone, cortisol and enhances the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), a naturally occurring tranquilliser in the brain;·     
Mildly inhibits monoamine oxidase (MAO) – responsible for the breakdown of serotonin and norepinephrine; and·     
Potent antiviral action. 

Therapeutic Benefits  
St John’s Wort, once being described by Hippocrates as the remedy for nervous “unrest”, has a 2400 year history of folk use for nervous system disorders. In recent years it has become an increasingly popular remedy for disorders such as anxiety and depression, modern medical research showing that Hypericum can be as effective as prescription anti-depressants.

The official German commission monograph for St John’s Wort lists psychovegetative disturbances, depressive states, fear, insomnia and nervous disturbances as clinical indications for the extract. This accounts for Hypericum being the number one antidepressant, natural or synthetic, prescribed by German physicians.

In Germany, Hypericum is the preferred antidepressant for over 50% of the relevant market while the pharmaceutical equivalent, Prozac, stands for a mere 2%. In a major study by Dr. Woelk et al, 633 physicians treated 3250 patients with St John’s Wort three times daily. Eight typical complaints heard in general practice were recorded: depression, restlessness, insomnia, headaches and sweating. About 80% of the patients felt their condition had improved after four weeks as measured by medical and patient evaluations. Side effects were evident in only 2.4% of patients. In fact, it is known that St John’s Wort is not addictive and does not impair cognitive functions. Although Hypericum is best known for its mood enhancing qualities, it also exhibits a sedative and pain reducing aspect. Therefore it provides a place in treatment for conditions such as neuralgia, sciatica, fibrositis and similar disorders. 

Much recent research has focused on the anti viral properties of Hypericin, the most active constituent of St John’s Wort. Scientists in New York have researched its effect on the HIV virus, the microbe that causes AIDS. New evidence shows that Hypericin exhibits an antiviral activity against “enveloped” viruses. These particular types of virus include the causes of herpes, glandular fever, hepatitis B, influenza, mumps, measles and AIDS. 

Cautions
Contact a health care professional before taking St John’s Wort in combination with prescription anti-depressant medication. Caution should be taken when combining St John’s Wort with the oral contraceptive pill. St John’s Wort causes the skin to become more light sensitive so people with fair skin should avoid prolonged exposure to strong sunlight. Dermatitis, burning and blistering of the skin may result. 

Saw Palmetto may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     

Male reproductive disorders: Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH), urinary tract infections, inadequate sperm production, impotence,
      loss of libido, urinary bladder inflammation; ·     
Nervous system disorders: Anxiety, stress, depression; and·     
Respiratory illness: Tonsillitis, bronchitis, colds/flu, sinus, excessive mucus production. 

Features
Inhibition of dihydro testosterone, occurring at its initial synthesis as well as at cellular binding sites;·     
Increases dihydro testosterone breakdown and excretion;·     
Encourages the excretion of uric acid from the body;·     
Anti-inflammatory; and·     
Urinary antiseptic. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
Saw Palmetto
Earlier this century Saw Palmetto was commonly recommended for benign enlargement of the prostate. It was called the plant “catheter” because of its tonic effect on the neck of the bladder and the prostate. Recently the therapeutic effect of the liposterolic (fat and sterol) extract of Saw Palmetto berries has been shown to greatly improve the signs and symptoms of an enlarged prostate in clinical trials. This effect appears to be due to its ability to inhibit dihydro testosterone, the compound which causes the prostate cells to multiply excessively. 

In one trial involving 2000 patients, only recently completed, 88% found treatment with Saw Palmetto to be beneficial. In Europe, it has found to be superior to Proscar, a pharmaceutical drug often used for various complaints involving the prostate. While Proscar can take up to a year to show some beneficial effects, Saw Palmetto showed better results in a shorter period of time. Most patients reported obtaining some relief of symptoms (such as increased ease of urination, less frequency of urination overnight, increased libido) within the first 30 days of treatment. The attention of early herbalists was drawn to Saw Palmetto when it was noted that animals feeding on the berries grew very sleek, fat and very healthy. Subsequent experience revealed that the Saw Palmetto was an almost ideal male tonic. It has a tonic effect on the nervous system, improves digestion and was said to have a beneficial effect on the entire reproductive apparatus. Clinical experience of early herbalists found it helped impotence, sexual exhaustion and inflammation and pain of the testes. Aside from its powerful effects on the male reproductive system, Saw Palmetto is also useful for asthma and upper respiratory tract infections such as bronchitis, colds/flu, whooping cough and sore throats. It is especially useful when there is excessive mucus discharge from the sinus and nose. 

Other substances of use
Nettle
The beneficial action of nettle on the prostate has been proven in several medical trials. Nettle has been found to reduce nocturnal frequency while having the added benefit of encouraging the elimination of uric acid from the body. This elimination occurs predominantly from the kidneys, thus nettle also has a strong reputation as a diuretic and urinary antiseptic. In one German study on 405 patients, the number of times which patients had to urinate overnight was used to measure the effectiveness of nettle root treatment. Even patients with a minor problem experienced a lower nocturnal frequency, and those with more severe enlargement saw a reduction in night-time urination from an average of 6 times per night to approximately 2.5 times. 

Zinc
In the human body, the 2.5 grams of zinc are stored in a variety of tissues. It is most concentrated in the prostate and semen, which suggests zinc’s tie to male sexual function. (Impotence, low sperm count and male infertility have all been closely related to zinc deficiency.) There is suggestion that prostatic enlargement that may develop with age is related to low zinc levels within the body and that regular supplementation may actually prevent this increase. Evidence has shown, that like the action of Saw Palmetto, zinc has the ability to prevent the conversion of testosterone to DHT – the most common cause of prostatic enlargement.     

Slippery Elm Bark may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·     
Digestive complaints: Gastric or duodenal ulcer, enteritis, colitis, diarrhoea, constipation, inflammatory bowel disease,
      irritable bowel syndrome, nausea, wasting; and·     
Respiratory complaints: Tonsillitis/sore throats, bronchitis, asthma, chronic cough. 

Features ·     
Demulcent, emollient and mucilaginous;·     
Highly nutritive;·     
Expectorant; and·     
Diuretic. 

Therapeutic Benefits 
Slippery Elm was traditionally used by native Americans as a poultice for boils, ulcers and for wounds in general. Internally, it was commonly used for colds or fevers and to soothe an irritated digestive system – one of its main uses today. The ‘slippery’ part of Slippery Elm refers to the mucilaginous and emollient texture of the herb. It’s soothing, demulcent nature is therefore perfectly suited for sensitive or inflamed mucus membrane linings of the digestive, respiratory and urinary tracts. It is most commonly used in gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcer, enteritis/colitis and the like but should also be of consideration in conditions such as bronchitis, asthma, cystitis and urinary tract inflammation. Slippery Elm not only has a soothing and healing action on all mucus membranes it comes into contact with, but in addition possesses highly nutritious characteristics. It is recognised as a wholesome supplement for the weak and convalescent, from infants to the elderly, and therefore can form the basis of many patient foods. 

Valerian may be of benefit for the following conditions: ·
     
Nervous system disorders: Insomnia, nervous tension, anxiety, over-excitability, hysteria, migraine, epilepsy;· 
Musculoskeletal disorders: Muscle tension, muscle spasms; and· 
Digestive dysfunction: Intestinal colic, hyperacidity related to tension, dyspepsia associated with stomach spasms. 

Features
CNS sedation regulated by the GABA-A brain receptors;·     
Anti-spasmodic effects; and·     
Anti-convulsant. 

Therapeutic Benefits
Valerian is considered to be one of the most relaxing nervines available. This fact is recognised not only by herbalists worldwide but also by orthodox medicine as is shown by its inclusion in many pharmacopoeias as a sedative. It has a remarkable effect on the central nervous system (CNS) and is thus commonly used as a sedative to the higher nerve centres in conditions of nervous unrest. Valerian is therefore useful for conditions such as anxiety, tension, insomnia, over-excitability and hysteria. It is one of the most widely used sedatives in Europe, where over one hundred Valerian preparations are sold in pharmacies. The sedative action of Valerian is complimented by its ability to ease spasms, aiding in the relief of conditions such as cramping, intestinal colic, period pains and migraine. Unlike many pharmaceutical sedatives, Valerian has no depressing side effects and will not interfere with reflexes or co-ordination. It is an extremely safe herb which will not lead to physical dependency or interfere with other orthodox medicines. Recent scientific studies have substantiated Valerian’s ability to improve sleep quality and relieve insomnia. In a large double-blind study involving 128 subjects, it was shown that an extract of Valerian root improved the subjective ratings for sleep quality and sleep latency but left no “hangover” the next morning. A 1996 study by Gerhard and associates compared Valerian to benzodiazepines and placebo in the treatment of insomnia. Side effects were reported by 50% of the subjects in the benzodiazepine treated group, but only 10% treated with Valerian. Valerian and the benzodiazepines were similarly effective for the relief of the insomnia. 

Cautions
While Valerian is not synergistic with alcohol, it is best to be cautious in this regard. It is advised never to combine alcohol with sedatives. Valerian has a long history of exceptional safety, which has been confirmed by clinical studies. In 1995, a woman in Utah attempted suicide by taking approximately twenty times the recommended dose of Valerian. She was discharged from hospital the next day, undamaged. Consuming large amounts of Valerian however, may cause headaches, giddiness, blurred vision and nausea.  

INTRODUCTION

Evening primrose oil is obtained from the seeds of the plant Oenotherae biennis. This common wild flower is native to eastern North America and widely naturalised in Europe and western North America.

Traditionally, the Native Americans used the seeds for food with those in the east using the whole plant for its medicinal properties. The plant was used to treat bruising, made into a tea for obesity and the root used to treat haemorrhoids. Early North American settlers used the leaves to as a poultice for wounds, for sore throats and upset stomachs. However it is the use of the oil that is relatively recent.

ACTIONS

Evening primrose oil has a vast number of uses and is most commonly taken orally. The oil of Evening Primrose has a number of therapeutic properties but is known for its alleviation of the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).

Evening primrose oil is used for symptoms of PMS such as mastalgia (breast pain), endometriosis and symptoms of menopause such as hot flushes. It may also be used orally for dermatological conditions (atopic eczema, psoriasis, and acne) and inflammatory/autoimmune conditions e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, Raynaud’s syndrome, multiple sclerosis and Sjogren’s syndrome.

Evening primrose oil has been used for chronic fatigue syndrome, asthma, diabetic neuropathy, neurodermatitis and psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, hyperactivity in children and attention deficit hyper-activity disorder. Other known uses include obesity and weight loss, whooping cough and gastrointestinal orders.

The use of evening primrose oil as a dietary supplement provides the body with a rich source of essential fatty acids. Amongst these fatty acids is gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). The health benefits of evening primrose oil are attributed to the presence of GLA. GLA is an important fatty acid in the body’s metabolism and is found in very few plants. This makes evening primrose oil a very effective and desired supplement for GLA and other essential fatty acids.

A number of conditions subsequently lead to a deficiency in these essential fatty acids. Diseases, the aging process, blood sugar problems, oils and fats and inadequate dietary minerals and vitamins (vitamin B’s, vitamin C, magnesium and zinc) can decrease the total amount of GLA in the body. Supplementing these essential fatty acids to provide GLA can in turn reduce the symptoms of conditions such as PMS, rheumatoid arthritis, eczema and other skin problems.

Therefore the use of evening primrose oil may be used to regulate the imbalances and abnormalities of the essential fatty acids found in evening primrose oil.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

Evening primrose oil has had some positive clinical results for a number of conditions. It has been found effective for PMS and associated symptoms and some cases of rheumatoid arthritis. Evening primrose oil may be indicated in some other inflammatory disorders such as Sjogren’s syndrome, uremic skin conditions and atopic eczema. Some positive results have been proven for conditions such as diabetic neuropathy, osteoporosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, hypertension and elevated serum levels.

Evening primrose oil may also assist in relieving the symptoms of minor skin disorders (dry skin, itchy skin, dandruff, brittle nails) and in the relief of allergies, psoriasis and diagnosed irritable bowel syndrome.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

No known contraindications have been reported for evening primrose oil.

PRECAUTIONS

Pregnant women and nursing mothers should avoid evening primrose oil supplements as further research is required to determine a possible risk in pregnancy complications. Those under current treatment for schizophrenia and seizure disorders, such as temporal lobe epilepsy, should also avoid evening primrose oil as it may lower seizure threshold. Evening primrose oil has shown some antithrombotic activity (prevents clotting in the blood); therefore those with haemophilia or other haemorrhagic disorders should also avoid evening primrose oil.

The use of evening primrose oil should cease prior to any surgical procedure. GLA may interact with the body’s natural immune system so those with immune deficiency disorders should also exercise caution in the use of evening primrose oil.If you do have one of these conditions, consult a health professional before beginning evening primrose oil supplementation.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Orally, evening primrose oil is generally well tolerated, however some adverse effects have been reported. Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea, vomiting, flatulence, diarrhoea and bloating may occur when taking evening primrose oil. Headaches have also been reported when taking evening primrose oil. It may also induce symptoms of undiagnosed seizure disorders.

INTERACTIONS WITH DRUGS, FOOD AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTS

DRUGS

· Anaesthesia – There has been a report of a seizure in a patient taking evening primrose oil and under anaesthesia. It is unclear whether the seizure could be attributed to evening primrose oil however it is recommended that supplementation should be avoided before any surgery or anaesthesia.

· Anticoagulant/Antiplatelet herbs/drugs – Evening primrose oil has shown possible anticoagulant effects (prevention of blood clotting). An increase in bleeding and bruising may occur when taking evening primrose oil with anticoagulant drugs. Examples of these drugs are aspirin, clopidogrel (Plavix), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam), ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Anaprox, Naprosyn), daltepran (Fragmin), enoxaparin (Lovenox), heparin, warfarin (Coumadin). Examples of these herbs are clove, garlic, ginkgo and ginger.

· Phenothiazines – GLA in evening primrose oil may interact with seizure medication to lower seizure threshold. The use of evening primrose oil in those treated with certain neuroleptic agents such as aliphatic phenothiazines (chlorpromazine) should be avoided.

FOODS

There are no known interactions with food.

SUPPLEMENTS

There are no known interactions with other supplements.

OVER DOSAGE

There are no reports of over dosage with evening primrose oil.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

Evening primrose oil is available in 1g capsules and contains 10% GLA (100mg). One capsule may be taken 2 – 3 times daily with food or as directed by a health care professional. This is the recommended dose for essential fatty acid supplementation useful in relieving the symptoms of PMS. Doses used for rheumatoid arthritis range from 360mg – 2.8II
and doses of 320 – 480mI are used for dermatological complaints.

INTRODUCTION

An enzyme is a chemical compound that aids the metabolic processes in the body. A co-enzyme is necessary for the proper functioning of its enzyme partner. Co-enzyme Q10 is a fat-soluble vitamin-like compound present in every cell of the body. It serves as a co-enzyme for the production of the body’s energy, adenosine triphosphate (ATP). CoQ10 is used by cells to produce energy needed for cell growth and maintenance.

CoQ10 is also used in the body as an antioxidant. An antioxidant is a substance that protects cells from “free radicals”. Free radicals are highly reactive chemicals capable of damaging important cell structures. Thus the removal of free radicals is essential in maintaining healthy cells and a healthy body.

It is important to have the correct level of CoQ10 to ensure normal body functions. Supplementation of CoQ10 regulates these levels to provide the required energy for the body.

ACTIONS

The body produces adequate amounts of CoQ10, so it is not considered a vitamin. It is also ingested in small amounts from dietary sources. However, the amounts ingested in food do not approach therapeutic doses. The richest food sources of CoQ10 are spinach, broccoli, organ meats, beef, soy, oil, sardines, mackerel and peanuts.

An increase in consumption in CoQ10 may lead to an increase in cellular energy. CoQ10 is found in most body tissues with the highest amount found in the heart, liver, kidneys and pancreas. Each cell manufactures CoQ10, though not always very efficiently, thus the supplementation of CoQ10 is worthwhile for optimal health. Supplemental CoQ10 is typically derived from tobacco leaf extracts and fermented sugar cane and beets. It seems to work well with vitamin E and is also commonly found in CoQ10 supplements.
This additional CoQ10 and vitamin E in the body can contribute to an increase in cellular energy and an increase in antioxidant effect.

CoQ10 has been found to play a role in the removal of free radicals in the body. Antioxidants like CoQ10 may also help to provide stamina and endurance and assist in the maintenance of peripheral circulation.

Along with its antioxidant effect, CoQ10 also has been found to have other functions in the body:
Acts as a mild metabolic stimulant.
Aids heart function by enhancing the pumping action and electrical functioning.
Stimulates the immune system and may increase resistance to disease.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE

CoQ10 has been the centre of many studies in cardiovascular disease in the last twenty years. It has been approved in some countries as adjunctive therapy to congestive heart failure. Studies have shown a correlation between severity of heart disease and the severity of CoQ10 deficiency, as CoQ10 is found in high concentrations in the heart.

Adjunctive treatment with CoQ10 for congestive heart failure has provided positive study results. Improvements observed include diminished chest pain, fatigue and palpitations. Some mild cases showed a return to normal heart size and function. Thus CoQ10 may be indicated to those who also have hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. Supplementation has been proven effective for cardiovascular conditions such as angina pectoris and arrhythmias, with patients reporting a greater ability to exercise.

It is known that CoQ10 and cholesterol are controlled in the body by similar means. Oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood is a key factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. CoQ10, in conjunction with vitamin E, acts as an antioxidant against this reaction.
Thus supplementation of CoQ10 is the most effective complementary therapy in decreasing the development of cardiovascular disease.

The use of supplemental CoQ10 has also shown benefit in adult onset diabetes or type II diabetes mellitus. Clinical studies suggest that supplemental CoQ10 may improve b-cell function and glycaemic control in Type II diabetics.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

There are no known contraindications for this supplement.

PRECAUTIONS

Because of a lack of long-term safety studies, pregnant women and nursing mothers should avoid CoQ10 supplements.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

Orally, CoQ10 is generally well tolerated. Mild gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, diarrhoea and gastric distress have been reported, particularly with higher doses (200mg or more daily).

INTERACTIONS WITH DRUGS AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTS

DRUGS

· Warfarin – CoQ10 may decrease the effectiveness of warfarin.
· Anti-hyperlipidaemics (“Statins”) – The statin drugs e.g. lovastatin, simvastatin are known to decrease CoQ10 levels as both cholesterol and CoQ10 share the same metabolic pathways.
· Doxorubicin – CoQ10 may increase the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin.
· Antidiabetic medications – CoQ10 may improve glycaemic control thus medication dosage may need appropriate adjusting.
· b-blockers – May inhibit some CoQ10 dependent enzymes.
· Piperine – May increase plasma levels of CoQ10.

SUPPLEMENTS

L-carnitine – may have a synergistic effect with CoQ10.

Red Yeast – might reduce CoQ10 levels in the body.

FOODS

There no known interactions with foods.

OVER DOSAGE

There are no known effects of over dosage of CoQ10.

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION

CoQ10 is available in different formulations: oil-based capsules, powder-filled capsules, tablets and solubilised softgels.

Daily doses of CoQ10 range from 5 to 300 mg. Effectiveness is thought to be obtained with doses of 50 to 200 milligrams daily.

CoQ10 is best taken with food. Three weeks of daily dosing is necessary to reach maximum blood concentrations of CoQ10, which then plateaus with daily dosing. This maintained level will ensure that CoQ10 is distributed to the various tissues of the body.

INTRODUCTION

Fish oils are rich sources of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) of the n-3 (omega-3) type. The two most studied components of fish oils are EPA and DHA. DHA is a vital component of the phospholipids of human cellular membranes, especially those in the brain and retina.

ACTIONS

Supplemental fish oils have triglyceride (fats in the blood) lowering activity. They may also have anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic and immunomodulatory actions.

EPA and DHA have several actions in a number of body systems. EPA and DHA lower elevated triglyceride levels. In the cardiovascular system, EPA and DHA have anti-arrhythmic properties. EPA and DHA have anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties and are beneficial for the musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and immune systems. EPA and DHA are also important for maintenance of normal blood flow as they lower fibrinogen (a protein involved in blood clotting) levels and prevent platelets from sticking to each other. DHA is vital for normal brain development for the foetus and infant and for the maintenance of normal brain function throughout life. DHA appears to be a major determinant of membrane fluidity in brain cells, and this could play a major role in the maintenance of normal cognition and mood.

The triglyceride-lowering effect of EPA and DHA appears to result from the combined effects of inhibiting the generation of lipids and stimulation of fatty acid oxidation in liver.

Several mechanisms are believed to account for the anti-inflammatory activity of EPA and DHA. The two competitively inhibit the conversion of arachidonic acid to the pro-inflammatory eicosanoids PG (prostaglandin)E2 and LT(leukotriene)B4, thus reducing their synthesis. EPA and DHA also inhibit the synthesis of the inflammatory cytokines TNF (tumour necrosis factor)-alpha and IL (interleukin)-1 beta in both healthy volunteers and rheumatoid arthritis patients.

EPA and DHA have both similar and dissimilar physiologic roles. EPA appears to be more important in those roles where the eicosanoids are involved, whereas DHA seems to play its most important roles in the membranes of Central Nervous System cells.

EPA is the precursor to prostaglandins (PG) – potent mediators of numerous different physiologic processes; leukotrienes (LT) - regulators of allergic and inflammatory reactions; and thromboxanes (TX), which reduce platelet aggregation and increase vasodilation. This could account in part for those fish oil effects that may lead to reduced clotting activity and decreased blood pressure.

Fish oils appear to have mood-stabilizing properties when used in the treatment of bipolar disorder. Overactive cell-signalling pathways may be involved in the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. EPA and DHA may dampen signal transduction associated with phosphatidylinositol and arachidonic acid. These LCPUFAs, especially DHA, are incorporated into the phospholipids of the membranes of cells involved in cell-signalling pathways.

The mechanism by which fish oils appear to prevent cardiac arrhythmia is unclear but also may have something to do with the incorporation of these LCPUFAs into the cell membranes of the heart.

Fish oils may have cancer chemopreventive effects, but clinical chemoprevention studies are needed to determine if this is the case.

In vitro and animal studies have shown EPA and DHA to suppress neoplastic transformation (inhibit cancer growth) enhance apoptosis (programmed cell death) and to have anti-angiogenic activity. A common mechanism underlying all of the above activity could be the role of the LCPUFAs in modulating eicosanoid production and activity. Fats other than from fish sources are known risk factors for cancer as well as cardiovascular disease. Those fats may direct the eicosanoid pathways toward situations in which cancer cells can flourish, whereas the opposite may be the case for the fish oils.

RESEARCH SUMMARY

A meta-analysis of several studies to determine the effect of fish oil supplementation on serum (blood) triglyceride levels consistently shows a significant triglyceride-lowering effect. Doses of fish oil in the studies ranged from 0.5 grams to 25 grams daily with an average intake of about 6 grams daily. These numbers refer to the amount of EPA and DHA received. The average ratio of EPA to DHA in these studies was about 1.5, and the studies lasted from two weeks to two years. The triglyceride-lowering effect was dose-related. Overall, cholesterol levels did not change. Some of the studies reported an increase in LDL cholesterol and some showed an increase in HDL cholesterol.

The GISSI-Prevenzione study examined the effect of dietary fish oil and vitamin E supplementation on mortality and morbidity in over 11,000 subjects who had suffered a myocardial infarction (muscle death in the heart as a result of interruption of the blood supply to that area) within three months of entering the trial. The subjects (85% men, 51% younger than 60) were randomly assigned to one of four groups. One group, consisting of 2,836 subjects, received 1 gram of fish oil daily containing 850 to 882 milligrams of EPA and DHA in the form of the ethyl esters and in a ratio of EPA to DHA of 1 to 2. A second group, consisting of 2,830 subjects, received 300 milligrams of vitamin E in the form of synthetic D alpha-tocopherol. A third group of 2,830 subjects received both the fish oils and vitamin E, while the fourth group of 2,828 acted as the control. The trial lasted for 42 months.

The primary combined endpoint was death, non-fatal myocardial infarction and stroke. Treatment with fish oil, but not vitamin E, significantly lowered the risk of the primary endpoint. The effect of the combined treatment was similar to that of fish oil alone. Although vitamin E did show a trend toward a reduction in mortality, the trend did not show significance. No adverse effects were reported except for some mild gastrointestinal symptoms. The dose of fish oil used in the trial lowered serum triglycerides by 3.4%.

The most significant result of this trial was the reduction in risk for overall and sudden cardiac death. It is believed that the reduction of sudden cardiac death was due to the anti-arrhythmic effect of the LCPUFAs. The study suggests that up to 20 lives per 1,000 post-MI patients could be saved by consuming daily doses of less than 1 gram of EPA and DHA.

Meta-analysis of 17 controlled studies with fish oil indicates that supplementation with 3 or more grams of fish oil daily can lead to clinically relevant systolic and diastolic blood pressure reductions in individuals with untreated hypertension but not in normotensives.

The EPA plus DHA doses used in these trials ranged from 1 to 15 grams with an EPA to DHA ratio of about 1.5.

A meta-analysis of the effect of fish oils following coronary angioplasty indicated that subjects who had undergone successful angioplasty had a significantly lower rate (13.9%) of restenosis when given 4 to 5 grams daily of mixtures of EPA and DHA for three months to one year following the angioplasty.

Daily ingestion of at least 3 grams of EPA and DHA mixtures for a period of 12 weeks or longer has been found to reduce the number of tender joints and amount of morning stiffness in subjects with rheumatoid arthritis. Those with rheumatoid arthritis consuming these supplements have been reported to lower or discontinue use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. The supplements appeared to be well tolerated in these individuals, and no serious toxicity was reported.

A one year double-blind trial of subjects with Crohn's disease randomized these subjects into two groups. One group received a mixture of 2.7 grams of EPA and DHA daily. The fish oil was in the form of enterically coated free fatty acids and provided 1.8 grams of EPA and 0.9 grams of DHA daily. It was noted that the subjects taking the fish oil supplement had a significantly reduced relapse rate. No significant adverse effects were reported.

Supplementation of fish oils in subjects with ulcerative colitis has shown some encouraging trends. In one study, six patients with active ulcerative colitis were given 3 to 4 grams of a mixture of EPA and DHA daily in the form of natural triacylglycerols for a period of 12 weeks. Significant results were reported regarding the subjects' symptoms and histological appearance of the rectal mucosa by the end of the 12 weeks.

A few open studies with few subjects have suggested that fish oil supplements positively affect the clinical course of psoriasis. The best study to date, a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre trial of 155 subjects with moderate-to-severe psoriasis showed no clinically important difference between subjects receiving 5 grams daily of EPA and DHA in ethyl ester form and the placebo group over a four-month period.

A four-month double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 30 subjects with bipolar disorder compared the effects of fish oil supplements with placebo. Fourteen subjects received 9.6 grams daily of fish oil consisting of 6.2 grams of EPA and 3.4 grams of DHA, and 16 subjects received olive oil as a placebo. This study showed improvement in the short-term course of the disorder with fish oil supplementation. Among those taking fish oils, longer periods of remission were observed in nearly every outcome category, and the results were statistically significant. Mild gastrointestinal side effects were reported in the fish oil group.

Immunoglobulin (Ig) A nephropathy is the most common glomerular disease worldwide. Beneficial effects with fish oil supplements have been reported in two studies, while two other studies showed no beneficial effects.

In the largest and longest study to date, daily supplementation with fish oil showed protection against progressive renal disease. This blinded, placebo-controlled trial included 51 subjects who received a daily mixture of EPA and DHA at 1.87 grams and 1.36 grams, respectively. The study lasted two years, and the placebo group used olive oil as the control. It was concluded that fish oil retarded the rate of renal function loss.

INDICATIONS & USAGE

Fish oils may primarily be indicated to lower triglyceride levels in those with hypertriglyceridemia. Another important indication may be to prevent death in those who have suffered myocardial infarctions. Fish oils are used to decrease clotting tendencies of the blood. They may also be indicated for lowering blood pressure, for preventing restenosis following coronary angioplasty, for alleviating some of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis and for helping to prevent relapse in Crohn's disease. They may help stabilize mood in bipolar disorder and may have beneficial effects in IgA nephropathy. There is evidence they may help prevent rejection in renal transplant patients, and they are used in enteral feeding of various patient categories. There is very little evidence in support of an indication for use in angina and no convincing evidence to support claimed indications for asthma, hay fever and psoriasis. There is insufficient data to make any judgment about possible use of fish oil in cancer.

CONTRAINDICATIONS

None known.

PRECAUTIONS

Fish oil supplements should be used by children, pregnant women and nursing mothers only if recommended and monitored by a physician. Because of the possible anti-thrombotic effect of fish oil supplements, haemophiliacs and those taking warfarin (Coumadin) should exercise caution in their use. Fish oil supplements should be stopped before any surgical procedure. Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effects of fish oil supplements on glycemic control in those with glucose intolerance including type 2 diabetics. Some early studies indicated that fish oil supplements might have detrimental effects in those groups. Recently, better designed studies have not reported these adverse effects. There is no evidence that fish oil supplements have detrimental effects on glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or insulin resistance in non-diabetic subjects. Diabetics should discuss the use of these supplements with their physicians and note if the supplements affect their glycemic control. Diabetics who take fish oil supplements should be monitored by their physicians.

ADVERSE REACTIONS

There have been no reports of serious adverse events in those taking fish oil supplements, even up to 15 grams daily for prolonged periods of time. Those side effects that have been reported include mild gastrointestinal upsets such as nausea and diarrhoea, halitosis, eructation and "fishy" smelling breath, skin and even urine. The blood-thinning effects can cause occasional nosebleeds and easy bruising.

INTERACTIONS

Interactions may occur between fish oil supplements and aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and herbs such as garlic (Allium sativum) and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). Such interactions might be manifested by increased susceptibility to bruising, nosebleeds, hemoptysis, hematemesis, hematuria and blood in the stool. Most who take fish oil supplements and the above drugs or herbs do not suffer from these problems, and, if they occur, they are rare. If they do occur, the dose should be lowered or discontinued.

OVERDOSAGE

Not reported.

DOSAGE & ADMINISTRATION

There are several forms of fish oil supplements. The most common form is natural fish oil, usually produced from the body of coldwater fish. These fish oils are, typically, 30% EPA and DHA with a ratio of EPA to DHA of 1.5. A typical 1 gram softgel capsule of fish oil contains 180 milligrams of EPA and 120 milligrams of DHA.

Fish oil products must contain antioxidants such as tocopherol to protect against their oxidation. Further, fish oil products that contain high quantities of vitamin A and D, which could be toxic, should not be used.

The usual oral dose of fish oil for use in hypertriglyceridemia is about 5 grams of combined EPA/DHA daily. The values expressed in this section refer to the amounts of EPA plus DHA. The actual weight of the capsule is typically much higher. Labels should be checked in order to determine the actual EPA/DHA content. The daily intake should be taken in divided doses; the supplements are best tolerated with meals. The usual dose for hypertensives who have not previously been treated is about 3 grams of EPA/DHA daily. About 3 grams daily is also the usual dose for those with rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Those who have had successful angioplasty and are trying to prevent restenosis might use 4 to 5 grams daily. Based on the GISSI-Prevenzione trial, a dose of 1 gram daily of EPA and DHA might have protective value for those who have had a myocardial infarction.

INTRODUCTION

Oral herbal laxatives are medicines taken by mouth to encourage bowel movements to relieve constipation. There are several types of laxatives and they each work in different ways. Some formulations contain one type of herbal laxative whereas others involve a number of herbs combined for their desired effect.

The different types of laxatives each have their own mechanism in producing a more regular bowel movement. These include bulk-formers, hyperosmotic laxatives, lubricants, stimulants and softeners. The right combination of herbs can provide an effective but gentle cleansing laxative.

An oral herbal laxative should aim to produce an easy bowel movement while soothing the bowel of any irritation. This combined effect thus restores normal bowel function and ensures a continual regular lifestyle.

ACTIONS

There are five main types of laxatives, some more effective than others. However, if combined, the laxative effect is increased. The different types of laxatives are:
· Bulk-forming laxatives.
· Hyperosmotic laxatives.
· Lubricant laxatives.
· Stimulant laxatives.
· Emollients (softeners).

Bulk-forming laxatives are used for diarrhoea and constipation. For diarrhoea, this laxative soaks up many times its weight in water, thereby making the stool firmer and slower to pass. For constipation, bulk-forming laxatives add more water to soften the stool and produce more bulk. These laxatives are not digested but absorb liquid in the intestines and stimulate the bowel by the presence of the bulk. Examples of natural bulk-formers are Psyllium and Polycarbophil.

Hyperosmotic laxatives e.g. glycerin, encourage bowel movements by drawing water into the bowel from surrounding body tissues. This provides a soft stool mass and increased bowel action. There are three types of hyperosmotic laxatives – saline, lactulose and polymer. However, these laxatives are not recommended for long-term use as they are used for rapid emptying of the bowels in treating constipation.
Lubricant laxatives, such as mineral oil, encourage bowel movements by coating the intestine and stool mass with a waterproof film. This allows the moisture to be retained in the stool, leaving it soft and allows an easier passage.

Stimulant laxatives (also known as contact laxatives) relieve constipation by stimulating the colon. They increase the muscle contractions that move along the mass. Because there is less time for fluid to be absorbed from the stool, it remains soft and is able to be easily passed. Examples of stimulant laxatives are Senna and Cascara.

Emollients, or stool-softeners, encourage bowel movements by helping liquids mix into the stool and prevent hard, dry stool masses. This allows the bowel movement to occur without straining. It does not cause the bowel movement. Examples of emollients are Buckthorn and Docusate.

In addition to laxatives, herbs with soothing and calming properties are supplemented in the formulation. This is typical for combination laxatives where side effects may have a higher chance of occurrence. Soothing ingredients allows the bowel to be relieved of any inflammation or irritation when treating constip